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Women in Architecture: Elizabeth Diller

In our ongoing “Women in Architecture” series, we’re highlighting Elizabeth Diller, a visionary who turns metaphors into brick and mortar and continues to challenge conventional architecture. 

The Life of Elizabeth Diller

Elizabeth Diller was born in 1954 in Łódź, Poland, and moved with her parents, who were Holocaust survivors, to the United States when she was six. She was deeply affected by the social unrest of the late 1960s, which ultimately led her to enroll in the Cooper Union School of Architecture in 1970 which, at the time, was a creative hotbed and home to avant-garde design.

Initially, Elizabeth intended to pursue art or filmmaking, but ultimately found herself captivated by alternative methods of space-making. Even then, she was much more interested in the East Village music and art scene than in her classes. It wasn’t until Elizabeth met one of Cooper Union’s design professors, Ricardo Scofidio, that she became fully invested in design. After graduation, Diller and Scofidio became both romantic and creative partners, and emerged as prominent conceptual artists, focusing on comically dark design hacks and advancing the idea that “anything can be architecture” in their 1994 book, Flesh. This conceptual approach that challenged traditional architecture also earned them the coveted MacArthur Fellowship (known as the “Genius Grant”) in 1999.

On the Blur Building. Photo: Projectes I-II grup 12b

Notable Works

By 2000, Diller Scofidio projects were gaining considerable traction and scale, as demonstrated by their design for the Blur Building at the Swiss Expo in 2002. Utilizing a cloud of mist produced by 31,500 high-pressure nozzles over Lake Neuchâtel, this project encapsulated the team’s belief that architecture isn’t just about concrete unmovable structures, but can be an immersive, sensory experience. And as the partnership expanded to include Charles Renfro, the trio transformed the very essence of what a building could represent. 

Approaching the High Line, 2009. Photo: StaceyJean

In 2006, their firm took on the ambitious project of renovating a historic elevated train line in Manhattan’s Chelsea neighborhood. The result? The High Line, an urban park that floats amidst the skyscrapers, becoming an iconic piece of the city’s architectural landscape.

During the 2010s, Diller’s stature in the world of architecture expanded greatly as the firm undertook a host of ambitious, institutional and municipal projects, culminating in designing a massive extension to New York City’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 2019 as spaces for  modern and contemporary installations. Beyond allowing the museum to grow its exhibition footprint, this project redefined urban space, blurring the lines between public and private, museum and city.

MoMA Museum of Modern Art. Photo: Salon NYC

Just north of Chelsea, this stunning structure boasts a movable shell, allowing it to be reconfigured based on how the interior space is programmed. More recently, the team has undertaken numerous cultural and institutional projects, including the London Centre for Music and revitalizing the historic Geffen Hall at Lincoln Center, further securing a place for Diller and her partners in the architectural canon by creating a new language of contemporary design. 

Elizabeth Diller’s journey redefines the essence of architecture, merging innovation with functionality. Her transformative works extend beyond physical spaces to influence the cultural fabric of society. And her legacy is not solely in the impressive silhouettes of her buildings but in the way she inspires future generations to envision and craft the world anew.

Great Chicago Writers: Gwendolyn Brooks

It’s always a pleasure to talk about literary giants with Chicago roots who have had profound impacts on both local history and the broader literary world. It goes without saying that no conversation about Chicago greats could happen without exploring the life and work of the legendary Gwendolyn Brooks.

Born in Topeka in 1917, Brooks relocated to Chicago while still an infant. The city’s pulsating cultural heartbeat and intricate socio-political fabric soon formed the canvas for her poetic masterpieces. Behind her ambition stood her parents: her father, a janitor with dreams of becoming a doctor, and her mother, a schoolteacher and a classically trained pianist. Both supported Gwendolyn’s passion for reading and writing.

By the age of 13, Brooks had already marked her literary beginnings, publishing her first poem, “Eventide,” in American Childhood. Her poetic prowess grew from there, and by 17, she became a regular contributor to the Chicago Defender. After her time at junior college and a stint working for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Brooks further refined her craft in various poetry workshops and alongside Chicago literary peers, Richard Wright and Langston Hughes. This diligent nurturing of her talent culminated in her first poetic collection, A Street in Bronzeville, in 1945.

Gwendolyn Brooks: The Oracle of Bronzeville Monument found in Brooks Park

Brooks’s identity as an influential African American poet, author, and educator is underscored by her portrayal of the day-to-day challenges faced by African Americans. Her poetry and prose traversed a spectrum of themes – from intimate personal experiences to the African American quest for justice and recognition.

Gwendolyn’s vast literary repository boasts significant works. A Street in Bronzeville (1945) offers insights into urban Black life in Chicago. Annie Allen (1949) is a poignant exploration of a young Black girl’s journey to womanhood, and it also made Brooks the first Black poet to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1950. Maud Martha (1953), her only novel, depicts the complexities of prejudice from both white people and lighter-skinned African Americans. In 1960, she wrote The Bean Eaters, showcasing her evolving poetic style and featuring the renowned We Real Cool. Over the course of her career, Gwendolyn Brooks authored over 20 poetry collections.

A Street in Bronzeville, Gwendolyn Brooks, 1945

She also garnered numerous honors, including the establishment of the Gwendolyn Brooks Cultural Center at Western Illinois University in 1970 and her appointment as Illinois’s poet laureate in 1976. Several schools have been named in her honor, reflecting her enduring impact on education. In 1985, she was appointed Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. The centenary of her birth in 2017 was celebrated with special events, reinforcing her lasting literary influence.

Interested in delving deeper into Gwendolyn Brooks’ literary world? Explore her expansive collections available on the Poetry Foundation.

Women In Architecture: Rivera Marín

As part of our ongoing “Women In Architecture” series, we’re sharing background on a trailblazing architect and educator who rooted her work in humanitarianism, Ruth Rivera Martín. From her radical contributions to Mexican architecture to the inspiration she instilled in her students, Martín’s impact is unquestionable. Learn more about her life and accomplishments below:  

The Life of Ruth Rivera Marín

Rivera Marín was born in Mexico City on June 18, 1927. Born into an environment of artistic flair, Ruth Rivera Marín hailed from a lineage steeped in creativity and brilliance. The daughter of iconic muralist Diego Rivera and writer Guadalupe Marín, she lived in a world where artistry was the language of expression. This rich background not only influenced her early life but also provided a foundation that would shape her approach to architecture.

Eager to carve her own niche, Rivera Marín pursued her architectural education at the College of Engineering and Architecture at the National Polytechnic Institute. With determination, she emerged as its first female student, breaking conventional norms. Under the mentorship of architectural luminaries like Mario Pani and Hannes Meyer, Rivera Marín honed her skills, adopting a unique vision that merged traditional elements with modern passions. 

Museo de Arte Moderno, Chapultapec Park, Mexico City. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Carlos A. Cazares Salcido and Ruth Rivera Martín, 1964. Photo by Lars Plougmann, Flickr Creative Commons
Museo de Arte Moderno, Chapultapec Park, Mexico City. Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Carlos A. Cazares Salcido and Ruth Rivera Martín, 1964. Photo by Lars Plougmann, Flickr Creative Commons

Notable Works and Achievements

Rivera Marín’s illustrious career is a blend of iconic designs and transformative contributions to the field of architecture. In a world predominantly led by men, she rose as the first female professor of architecture at the National Polytechnic Institute, paving the way for future generations of women in the field. Beyond this, her pivotal role in founding the National College of Architects speaks volumes of her dedication to elevating architectural standards and practices in Mexico.

Anahuacalli Museum, Ruth Rivera Marín, Juan O’Gorman and Diego Rivera, 1964. Photo by Ted McGrath
Anahuacalli Museum, Ruth Rivera Marín, Juan O’Gorman and Diego Rivera, 1964. Photo by Ted McGrath, Flickr Creative Commons

Her design elements reflected a deep understanding of urban development. She was instrumental in crafting various housing projects in Mexico City, where her creations transcended traditional designs. Her most recognized work was the Anahuacalli Museum in Coyaoacán, which she built with her father and fellow architect Juan O’Gorman. Each of her designs resonated with Mexican modernity, finding a perfect balance of aesthetic allure and functional utility.

Arguably her most profound impact lies in her role as an educator. Rivera Marín’s tenure as a professor has touched the lives of countless students, instilling in them a love for architecture and design. Especially for female students, she was more than just a professor; she was a beacon of inspiration, showing them that with passion and perseverance, they too could redefine the boundaries in the architectural landscape.

Ruth Rivera Marín’s contributions are deeply etched in Mexican architectural history. Her edifices stand as landmarks of her visionary prowess. However, beyond brick and mortar, her true legacy is in the minds she influenced and the paths she paved for future architects. She remains an enduring symbol of dedication, talent, and groundbreaking achievements, inspiring countless individuals to dream big and break barriers.

Phoenix’s Fabulous Fox West Coast Theater: Then and Now

At the intersection of Washington and First Street in downtown Phoenix, the Fabulous Fox West Coast Theater once stood as an emblem of the city’s cinematic and architectural heritage. For locals and visitors, it was a chapter of shared memories, community, and an ode to a bygone era. 

The Fabulous Fox was part of a chain of marquee-lit venues that began to pop up in cities across the U.S. in the 1920s, just as the motion picture industry — and the novel entertainment of “going to the movies” — took America by storm. Officially opening its doors in July 1931, it was strategically located down the street from the legendary Adams Hotel. This locale once housed the first Phoenix City Hall and fire station, adding layers of history to the theater’s presence.

Designed by the acclaimed architect S. Charles Lee, this 1,800-seat marvel swiftly became the center of entertainment in the city — perhaps due, to some degree, to being the first air-conditioned hall in Phoenix, offering respite from Arizona’s heat.

Beyond its steel and terra-cotta faced concrete walls, the Fox Theater captured the shared experience of collective gasps, laughter, and moments of poignant silence. And as Phoenix came alive as a 20th century American city, the Moderne-Deco façade, the grand billboard announcing the week’s films, and the flashing marquee lights were integral to its vibrant downtown nightscape.

Ticketing booth at the Fabulous Fox West Coast Theater
Ticketing booth at the Fabulous Fox West Coast Theater. Photo: Phoenix Gazette

Inside the building, guests were greeted by a floating staircase, futuristic lamp posts, crystal chandeliers, and elaborate frescos. These intricate designs, combined with the desert-themed candy counter, reflected an eclectic blend of global luxury and local charm.

Despite its significance, the theater lost its luster with a shift of commercial activity to the suburbs. By 1975, with the property under Phoenix ownership, the decision was made to demolish it, followed by an auction, where remnants of its architectural elegance, from chandeliers to ceiling panels, were sold.

Today, the ground where the Fox Theater once stood is part of the city’s evolving landscape. Once lying vacant and later serving as a parking lot for the America West Arena, is now poised as the site for RED Development’s mixed-use project, including a Fry’s Food Store.

For longtime residents and history buffs, it remains a cherished memory, and as Phoenix continues to grow and change, it’s vital to remember and celebrate the landmarks, like the Fox Theater, that laid the city’s cultural foundation.

Discover The National Museum of Mexican Art

We’re constantly on the hunt for cultural gems to introduce to residents in our communities, so it’s a pleasure to spotlight a cornerstone of Chicago’s vibrant art scene: The National Museum of Mexican Art (NMMA). Situated in the heart of the Pilsen neighborhood, this museum is a testament to the depth, diversity, and dynamism of Mexican culture.

Founded in 1982 by Carlos Tortolero, NMMA emerged from a vision to represent Mexican, Chicano, and Latino arts and culture. Today, it stands as a bridge between Mexico’s past and the evolving identity of Mexican-Americans in the contemporary U.S.

NMMA’s collection is awe-inspiring, boasting over 10,000 pieces spanning 3,000 years. From ancient artifacts to modern-day masterpieces, every corner of the museum narrates tales of creativity, resilience, and passion. Whether you’re captivated by traditional folk art, contemporary sculpture, intricate textiles, or evocative photography, there’s a narrative waiting for you.

One of the standout exhibitions that has become an annual tradition, is the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) showcase. This inspired installation dives deep into the fascinating rituals associated with this revered celebration, presenting art that is reflective and celebratory.

 

Beaded work, New Awakening, 2003 (detail)
Beaded work, New Awakening, 2003 (detail). Photo: Damian Entwisle, Flickr Creative Commons

The museum is not just about viewing art; it’s an immersive learning experience. With a host of educational programs, workshops, and guided tours, visitors are invited to explore the contexts, histories, and techniques behind the artworks.

Beyond the art itself, the museum’s location in Pilsen, a neighborhood full of Mexican heritage, enriches the experience. The vibrant murals, local eateries, and community events complement a visit to the museum.

As we admire the modern wonders of Chicago, we also treasure the institutions that ground us in cultural richness. Embark on a journey to the National Museum of Mexican Art, and emerge with a renewed appreciation for the beauty and complexity of Mexican art and culture. Best of all, admission is always free. Visit Tuesday through Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm.

Returning to Oak Park: The Wright House

When we think of groundbreaking architectural marvels that have shaped modern architecture, one name invariably stands out and is someone we’ve covered before — Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright’s innovative designs and his unique ability to harmonize architecture with its natural surroundings has left an indelible imprint on our architectural landscape. Optima® is always delighted to spotlight such inspirational landmarks, and as a result, today we turn our attention to a home that was both his creative laboratory and personal residence, the illustrious Wright House in Oak Park.

Just a few miles west from Optima Signature® in the tranquil, leafy Oak Park neighborhood, the Wright House stands as a living testament to Wright’s architectural prowess and visionary genius. Built in 1889 and later expanded in 1895, the Wright House is where the iconic architect began to hone his distinct Prairie Style — an architectural movement characterized by horizontal lines, flat roofs, and structures that seemed to blend seamlessly with their surroundings.

The exterior of the Wright House is deceivingly simple, a classic embodiment of Wright’s “form follows function” ethos. But it is in the heart of the house, in its interiors, where Wright’s architectural brilliance truly unfolds. The interior spaces exhibit an open floor plan, a then-revolutionary concept that challenged the compartmentalized Victorian architecture norms of the era.

Frank Lloyd Wright Studio Playroom
Playroom in Frank Lloyd Wright Studio. Credit: Wikipedia Commons

A walk through the home reveals rooms with geometric patterns, intricate woodwork, and natural materials — a signature of Wright’s style. Spaces flow seamlessly into one another, bounded not by walls, but by subtle changes in design and level. One of the house’s most stunning features is the playroom, added during the 1895 expansion. A capacious, light-filled room with vaulted ceilings and a central fireplace, the playroom perfectly illustrates Wright’s ability to design spaces that both foster intimacy and embrace community.

The Wright House is not merely a house; it is a dynamic portrait of Wright’s evolving style and an architectural time capsule preserving the genesis of the Prairie Style that Wright would later perfect. For the 20 years that Wright resided there, it was an experimental platform for his pioneering ideas, and an enduring beacon of his design principles.

As we continue to celebrate the architectural wonders that enrich our world, we’re thrilled to honor the Wright House in Oak Park — a jewel in the crown of American architecture. It stands as a symbol of Wright’s legacy, a shrine to the ideals of organic architecture, and a monument to the innovative spirit that fuels progress. 

 

Odile Decq: The Rockstar of Modern Architecture

In the dynamic world of architecture, there are creators, and then there are revolutionaries – those who dare to redefine the conventions of the craft. Today, we shine a spotlight on one such rockstar of the architectural world – Odile Decq. Born in Laval, France, Decq first delved into the disciplines of history and art history, later shifting her focus to the vast, creative expanse of architecture. This foundational base in the arts became the cornerstone for her future architectural exploits, fueling her rebellious yet constructive spirit.

Decq’s works echo her unique vision, transcending conventional design norms and boldly experimenting with innovative elements. Every project she has embraced manifests her distinct design philosophy – a play of bold geometric forms, the artful manipulation of light, and the fluidity of lines. It’s as if each design is an architectural manifesto that dares to defy the ordinary and push boundaries.

A prime showcase of her ethos is the Phantom Restaurant within Paris’s Opera Garnier. Here, Decq’s prowess is fully displayed in her ability to juxtapose contemporary design elements within a historic setting, engendering an intriguing dialogue between the past and the present, between tradition and modernity.

L’Opéra Restaurant, Palais Garnier, Paris│ | © Art2welp / Wikimedia Commons

Beyond her design exploits, Decq has made significant contributions to architectural education. With the establishment of the Confluence Institute for Innovation and Creative Strategies in Architecture in Lyon, France, Decq was able to translate her design philosophy into an educational context, fostering innovation and creative problem-solving in future architects.

Decq’s architectural flair and contributions have not gone unnoticed. She has been recognized with prestigious accolades, including the 2016 Jane Drew Prize and the 2017 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Her rise to prominence in the industry has been marked not only by the brilliance of her designs but also her unrelenting commitment to equality and progressive thinking in architecture.

Confluence Institute for Innovation and Creative Strategies, Lyon, France. Photo: Jeanne Menjoulet, Flickr Creative Commons

Her legacy extends far beyond the physical structures she has designed and the students she has mentored. As a true rockstar of modern architecture, Decq has blazed a trail for future generations, particularly for women in a traditionally male-dominated field. Her work continues to inspire, challenging conventions and reshaping the architectural landscape.

Today, as we celebrate Odile Decq and her remarkable journey, we honor her pioneering spirit and her unique contribution to the field of architecture. Her commitment to challenging norms, her avant-garde designs, and her impactful initiatives truly exemplify the essence of a rockstar architect, who not only shapes the world around us but also how we perceive and interact with it.

Alexander Girard: A Vibrant Symphony of Modern Design

In the grand scheme of modern architecture and design, each virtuoso brings their unique understanding, forever shaping the field. Today, we celebrate one such figure, Alexander Girard, whose contributions have resonated through time, echoing his innovative spirit, unparalleled creativity, and ceaseless passion for design.

Born in 1907 in New York City and raised in Florence, Italy, Girard was an architect, interior designer, furniture designer, textile artist, and much more. His work was a vibrant fusion of colors, patterns, and cultures, weaving together aesthetics from around the world to create a visual language that was uniquely his own.

An integral part of the American mid-century modernist movement, Girard worked alongside luminaries such as Charles and Ray Eames and George Nelson at Herman Miller. His work, however, extended beyond the confines of a singular style or discipline. From his iconic textile designs to his whimsical braniff airlines makeover, Girard was a master of imbuing spaces and objects with a sense of joy and vibrancy. His designs always held a humanistic approach, seeing each project as an opportunity to enhance the daily lives of people.

His interior design for the Miller House in Columbus, Indiana, stands as a testament to his extraordinary talent. This residence, considered a landmark of modernist architecture, perfectly illustrates how Girard’s playful approach to design transformed the idea of what a domestic interior could be.

Miller House Interior, regarded as the world’s first conversation pit. Photo: Newfields, Miller House and Garden Collection

Beyond his professional work, Girard was an ardent collector of folk art, believing in its ability to inspire and influence contemporary design. His vast collection found a home in the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, a testament to his global perspective and appreciation for diverse cultures.

His bold use of color, his human-centric approach to design, and his innovative interpretations continue to inspire architects and designers worldwide. As we appreciate the rich tapestry of modern design, the work of Alexander Girard stands as a timeless composition of innovation, creativity, and humanism — a celebration of life, color, cultural diversity, and a reminder of how design can bring joy and meaning into our everyday lives.

Edward Dart’s St. Augustine Episcopal Church

At Optima®, we are continually fascinated by the architectural masterpieces that exemplify the harmony between design and the narratives they hold. Today, we cast the spotlight on an architectural gem from the Mid-century Modern era, St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church in Gary, Indiana, designed by Edward Dart.

In the steel town of Gary, just across the Illinois border from Chicago, 30 African-Americans chartered a new Episcopal mission in 1927. The congregation weathered its early years to grow strong and financially stable by the mid-1950s, leading to the decision to commission their own place of worship. The conception of this project was nurtured by the Great Migration, which saw many African-Americans migrating from the South to Gary, drawn by job opportunities in the thriving steel industry.

By 1955, St. Augustine’s (fondly referred to as ‘St. Aug’s’) embarked on the purchase of a pipe organ. When discussions veered towards the building of their own church, the organ sales representative suggested Edward Dart, an architect whose style would come to define the church’s distinctive look. 

The collaboration between Edward Dart, a white architect from New Orleans, and St. Aug’s, a Black Episcopal mission, was unusual for the mid-1950s. Yet, over the course of four years, their shared vision resulted in an architectural design that incorporated local materials like Indiana limestone, honoring both the community’s roots and Dart’s signature style. Completed in 1959 at a cost of $120,000, St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church received the AIA Citation of Merit and the Church Architectural Guild’s Honor Award almost immediately. 

St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church in Gary, IN. Photo: National Register of Historic Places

Despite the acclaim, the church’s congregation remained largely unseen, their presence neutralized in the predominantly white architectural narrative of the era. This erasure was eventually rectified in 1961 when the mission was granted full parish status, two years after the building was completed. Today, the congregation stands strong and the church continues to radiate its original beauty.

At Optima®, we find structures like St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church deeply fascinating, serving as profound expressions of the era’s architectural ethos that enrich our understanding of space, design, and community. St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church remains an enduring testament to Dart’s genius, a beacon of the Mid-century Modernist spirit that continues to captivate architects and designers worldwide.

Al Beadle: The Mid-Century Modern Master in Phoenix

When it comes to mid-century modern architecture in Arizona, the name Frank Lloyd Wright tends to come to mind first. It’s exciting to note, however, that there have been other luminary architects who made enormous contributions to modernist architectural traditions here in the desert. Today, we are happy to introduce one of these under-the-radar designers — a true pioneer in his time whose work continues to inspire practitioners and homeowners alike.

Born in 1927, Al Beadle grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. He served with the United States Navy Construction Battalion, the Seabees, in the South Pacific during World War II. His experiences included building piers, designing command bases, and constructing hospitals. After his time in the military, where he acquired much of his architectural prowess, Beadle eventually moved to Phoenix where he would make his mark on the city’s architectural scene. Starting his own architecture and build firm in 1967, Beadle believed in the principles of minimalism, efficiency, and the seamless integration of indoor and outdoor spaces.

Beadle’s unique design approach is evident in his many residential and commercial projects throughout the Phoenix area. His signature style often features clean lines, flat roofs, expansive glass walls, and a keen attention to detail. His buildings effortlessly blend with their desert surroundings, creating a harmonious balance between the built environment and the natural landscape.

Paradise Gardens

One of Beadle’s most iconic projects is the Paradise Gardens community. Developed between 1958 and 1964, this neighborhood showcases a collection of mid-century modern homes that embodies Beadle’s design philosophy. These homes are characterized by their post-and-beam construction, open floor plans, and large windows that blur the lines between indoor and outdoor living spaces. 

Single-family home in Paradise Gardens
Single-family home in Paradise Gardens. Photo: ©2016 Modern Phoenix LLC

Beadle House 11

Another noteworthy example of Beadle’s work is Beadle House 11, which he designed for himself and his family. Completed in 1963, this stunning residence exemplifies the architect’s minimalist approach, with its floor-to-ceiling windows, exposed steel beams, and sense of effortless elegance.

Beadle House 11 in Phoenix
Beadle House 11 in Phoenix, AZ. Photo: ©2016 Modern Phoenix LLC
Beadle House 11 remodeled interior
Beadle House 11 remodeled interior. Photo: ©2016 Modern Phoenix LLC

Today, Al Beadle’s architectural legacy lives on in the many buildings he designed throughout Phoenix and the surrounding areas. His work continues to be celebrated by architects, designers, and mid-century modern enthusiasts who appreciate the timeless quality of his designs. Preservation efforts are underway to ensure that Beadle’s architectural gems remain intact for future generations to enjoy.

In a city like Phoenix, where the natural beauty of the desert meets the sleek sophistication of modern design. Those who call this place home or are simply visiting, should consider checking out Al Beadle’s architectural masterpieces. From the effortlessly cool Paradise Gardens community located on 32nd Street to 36th Street and Mountain View, to the striking Beadle House 11 on 4323 E McDonald Dr, there’s no shortage of Beadle-designed gems to explore and appreciate.

 

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